Depression as a Physiological Disorder Essay - 1376 Words

Depression as a Physiological Disorder When researching the above statement, I have taken into account what I consider to be some of the main physiological and biological arguments regarding depression as a physical illness, as well as several psychodynamic and behavioural theories in order to attempt to compare the two and result in understanding how true the above statement is. When looking at the physiological view, it can be useful to look at the biological explanation that depression is caused by a disturbance of hormones and brain chemistry. The Endocrine system can seriously affect the behaviours of a person. This system produces hormones that have an effect on many behaviours such as†¦show more content†¦When contemplating the above idea, it would be exceedingly difficult to understand why depression is more frequent during periods of great hormonal change such as menstruation and childbirth, if hormones did not affect the onset of depression. Although there is a great deal of research to support this, it is difficult to prove as often during times like this, there is also social change occurring (pregnancy etc,). The levels of Cortisol that have recently been mentioned are seen by some researchers to have a great effect on depression and mood. Barlow and Durand (1995) discovered that levels of Cortisol seem to be lower in that of depressed patients in comparison to ‘normal’ people. Carroll et al (1980) also looked into this and found that by using dexamethasone to suppress Cortisol, the amount present in an individual could be measured. It was found that in ‘normals’ about 50% would be suppressed, however in those people suffering from depression, very little suppression was shown. This could indicate that the level of Cortisol could be causing depression, it could however be that the high level of Cortisol is the result of the depression rather than the cause. It must also be mentioned that such high levels of Cortisol were also recorded in patients suffering from anxiety and other mental healthShow MoreRelatedEffect Of Music On Depression1007 Words   |  5 Pa gesEffect of music on depression levels and physiological responses in community-based older adults. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 18(1), 285-294. 2. Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of music on depression in elderly patients. 3. Research question(s) posed: 1) Does music intervention reduce depression levels for the elderly in the intervention group versus those in the control group? 2) Is there a considerable change in depression levels amongRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On College Students Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen linked with several diseases/disorders, including: depression, anxiety, and obesity. Our research question investigated how sleep deprivation in college students affects them physiologically and psychologically. The participants included college students that are at least 18 years of age. Researchers distributed 200 surveys to college students in a rural community. The survey determined the student’s sleep habits and how their sleep affects their physiological and psychological health. Our researchRead MoreMajor Depressive Disorder And Its Variants1615 Words   |  7 PagesMajor Depressive Disorder and its variants Introduction The nervous system can be considered one of the most complex organ systems in the human body which is accountable for managing numerous functions that entail the overall well-being of the body. It consists of the Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System of which participate in voluntary and involuntary controlled functions. Detrimental effects can occur if there are issues that interfere with normal functioning of this system thatRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad )999 Words   |  4 PagesGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is one of the most diagnosed mental disorders today, and can often be closely linked to concurrent symptoms or disorders including physiological, behavioral, other anxiety disorders, depression and substance abuse. (Merino, Senra Ferreiro, 2016) (Cacioppo Fregberg, 2013, p. 688). GAD most notably produces symptoms of excessive worry and anxiety related to non-specific risks, which often leads to functional decline both socially and profess ionally (Roberge etRead MoreThe Link Between Anxiety And Depression1352 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Topic: â€Å"Anxiety and depression are often linked, experts say, as dealing with long-term anxiety can lead to depression, or one may feel anxious about their battle with depression.† In order to talk about the â€Å"link† between Anxiety and Depression, there is a word that must be discussed: comorbidity. According one paper, â€Å"Comorbidity may imply either the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in an individual at a given time, or the manifestation of multiple disorders during the lifetime of theRead MoreEssay on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1075 Words   |  5 Pageseffective in the treatment of child and adolescent depression (Lewinsohn Clarke, 1999; Harrington et al, 1998, March et al, 2004). There is general agreement in the clinical literature that the techniques of cognitive behavioural approaches to therapy are likely to be effective in treating depression (Brewin, 1996; Beech, 2000). In the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic Statistical Manual (APA, 2000) the symptoms of depression are: loss of interest or enjoyment in activities; changingRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy1349 Words   |  6 Pagespersonality. It has been found to be effective in more than 400 outcome studies for a myriad of psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and substance abuse, among others, and it is currently being tested for personality disorders. It has also been demonstrated to be effective as an adjunctive treatment to medication for serious mental disorders such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Cognitive therapy has been extended to and studied for adolescents and childrenRead MoreThe Plague of Major Depression979 Words   |  4 PagesMajor depression The plaque of major depression (MD) is wide spread and an ever increasing one. The age of diagnosis is steadily decreasing. This raises the question: do psychologists diagnose this disorder too frequently; is it a means to an end when no problem really exists? Or is there a clinical rise in prevalence as a result of genetic, physiological, social, stress, psychosocial or any other factor that may contribute to the manifestation of MD. In the following section we define MD, discussRead MoreDepression : A Complex Of Psychological And Physical Symptoms Essay1289 Words   |  6 PagesDepression is a complex of psychological and physical symptoms. Low mood level or sadness is often the most prominent symptom. The common property of these symptoms is a decreased activity level in parts of the brain. THE SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION Depression may give one or more of these symptoms: - Low mood level or sadness. - Lack of joy or interest in activities that were joyful before. - Pessimism. - Feel of guilt of something without any substantial reason to feel so. - Inferiority thoughtsRead MoreEssay Bipolar Disorder1447 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness affects about 1.2 percent of the U.S. population (8). It is defined by fluctuating states of depression and mania throughout ones life. Those who are depressed may be restless, irritable, have slowed thinking or speech, decreased sexual activity, changes in appetite and sleep patterns, suicidal thoughts as well as other changes. Those in a manic state may have increased activity or energy, more thoughts and faster thinking

Alejandro Inarritu s Mexican Thriller, Amores Perros Essay

â€Å"Fuck, he’s bleeding to death!† (1:26) screams Jorge. Octavio accelerates on the gas even harder. Octavio aggressively swerves through the congestion of cars. Octavio looks back and sees the Dodge Ram directly behind their beater car. The man in the passenger seat of the Dodge pulls out a gun and fires. Nervously, Octavio and Jorge duck. A school bus suddenly pulls up in front of their car. Breaking abruptly, the bloody dog tumbles to the base of the car, and Octavio is able to flee the scene. The Dodge is nowhere in sight. Octavio and Jorge shriek with excitement. They run a red light. Another car suddenly appears from a corner, striking the two by surprise; and violently crashes into the side of their car, initiating a brutal collision of destruction, flames, and blood–a great deal of blood. The striking collision opens the scene to Alejandro Inarritu’s Mexican thriller, Amores Perros (2000). This crash presents the link to three unrelated narrative s that are symbolically tied together by the chaotic lifestyle of the modern day metropolis of Mexico City. Amores Perros is an enthralling film that captures the socio- political themes regarding economic instability, social- class, and gender in contemporary Mexico City. Mexico City throughout the twentieth century was undergoing major urbanization (Connolly). As a result, the overwhelming influx of new inhabitants brought about economic chaos due to overpopulation, political disorder, and a distinct social- class stratum

Job Satisfaction Essay Example For Students

Job Satisfaction Essay Job satisfaction Job satisfaction describes how content an individual is with his or her job. The happier people are within their job, the more satisfied they are said to be. Job satisfaction is not the same as motivation, although it is clearly linked. Job design aims to enhance job satisfaction and performance, methods include job rotation, job enlargement and job enrichment. Other influences on satisfaction include the management style and culture, employee involvement, empowerment and autonomous work groups. Job satisfaction is a very important attribute which is frequently measured by organizations. The most common way of measurement is the use of rating scales where employees report their reactions to their jobs. Questions relate to rate of pay, work responsibilities, variety of tasks, promotional opportunities the work itself and co-workers. Some questioners ask yes or no questions while others ask to rate satisfaction on 1-5 scale (where 1 represents not at all satisfied and 5 represents extremely satisfied). Definitions Job satisfaction has been defined as a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job; an affective reaction to one’s job; and an attitude towards one’s job. Weiss (2002) has argued that job satisfaction is an attitude but points out that researchers should clearly distinguish the objects of cognitive evaluation which are affect (emotion), beliefs and behaviours. This definition suggests that we form attitudes towards our jobs by taking into account our feelings, our beliefs, and our behaviors History One of the biggest preludes to the study of job satisfaction was the Hawthorne studies. These studies (1924-1933), primarily credited to Elton Mayo of the Harvard Business School, sought to find the effects of various conditions (most notably illumination) on workers’ productivity. These studies ultimately showed that novel changes in work conditions temporarily increase productivity (called the Hawthorne Effect). It was later found that this increase resulted, not from the new conditions, but from the knowledge of being observed. This finding provided strong evidence that people work for purposes other than pay, which paved the way for researchers to investigate other factors in job satisfaction. Scientific management (aka Taylorism) also had a significant impact on the study of job satisfaction. Frederick Winslow Taylor’s 1911 book, Principles of Scientific Management, argued that there was a single best way to perform any given work task. This book contributed to a change in industrial production philosophies, causing a shift from skilled labor and piecework towards the more modern approach of assembly lines and hourly wages. The initial use of scientific management by industries greatly increased productivity because workers were forced to work at a faster pace. However, workers became exhausted and dissatisfied, thus leaving researchers with new questions to answer regarding job satisfaction. It should also be noted that the work of W. L. Bryan, Walter Dill Scott, and Hugo Munsterberg set the tone for Taylor’s work. Some argue that Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, a motivation theory, laid the foundation for job satisfaction theory. This theory explains that people seek to satisfy five specific needs in life – physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization. This model served as a good basis from which early researchers could develop job satisfaction theories. Job satisfaction can also be seen within the broader context of the range of issues which affect an individuals experience of work, or their quality of working life. Job satisfaction can be understood in terms of its relationships with other key factors, such as general well-being, stress at work, control at work, home-work interface, and working conditions. Models of job satisfaction Affect Theory Edwin A. Locke’s Range of Affect Theory (1976) is arguably the most famous job satisfaction model. The main premise of this theory is that satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and what one has in a job. Further, the theory states that how much one values a given facet of work (e. g. the degree of autonomy in a position) moderates how satisfied/dissatisfied one becomes when expectations are/aren’t met. When a person values a particular facet of a job, his satisfaction is more greatly impacted both positively (when expectations are met) and negatively (when expectations are not met), compared to one who doesn’t value that facet. To illustrate, if Employee A values autonomy in the workplace and Employee B is indifferent about autonomy, then Employee A would be more satisfied in a position that offers a high degree of autonomy and less satisfied in a position with little or no autonomy compared to Employee B. This theory also states that too much of a particular facet will produce stronger feelings of dissatisfaction the more a worker values that facet. Dispositional Theory Another well-known job satisfaction theory is the Dispositional Theory Template:JacksonApril 2007. It is a very general theory that suggests that people have innate dispositions that cause them to have tendencies toward a certain level of satisfaction, regardless of one’s job. This approach became a notable explanation of job satisfaction in light of evidence that job satisfaction tends to be stable over time and across careers and jobs. Research also indicates that identical twins have similar levels of job satisfaction. A significant model that narrowed the scope of the Dispositional Theory was the Core Self-evaluations Model, proposed by Timothy A. Judge in 1998. Judge argued that there are four Core Self-evaluations that determine one’s disposition towards job satisfaction: self-esteem, general self-efficacy, locus of control, and neuroticism. This model states that higher levels of self-esteem (the value one places on his/her self) and general self-efficacy (the belief in one’s own competence) lead to higher work satisfaction. Having an internal locus of control (believing one has control over herhis own life, as opposed to outside forces having control) leads to higher job satisfaction. Suriname EssayThe satisfaction of an individual is dependent on largely on the relationship with the group members, group dynamics, group cohesiveness and his own need for affiliation. viii) Leadership Styles: The satisfaction level on the job can be determined by the leadership styles. Job satisfaction is greatly enhanced by democratic style of leadership. It is because democratic leaders promote friendship, respect and warmth relationships among the employees. On contrary, employees working under authoritarian and dictatorial leaders express low level of job satisfaction. ) The personal determinants also help a lot in maintaining the motivation and personal factors of the employees to work effectively and efficiently. Job satisfaction can be related to psychological factors and so numbers of personal factors determine the job satisfaction of the employees. They are as follows:- i) Personality: The personality of an individual can be determined by observing his individual psycholo gical conditions. The factors that determine the satisfaction of individuals and his psychological conditions is perception, attitudes and learning. ii) Age: Age can be described as a noteworthy determinant of job satisfaction. It is because younger age employees possessing higher energy levels are likely to be having more job satisfaction. In older age, the aspiration levels in employees increase. They feel completely dissatisfied in a state where they are unable to find their aspiration fulfilled, iii) Education: Education plays a significant determinant of job satisfaction as it provides an opportunity for developing one’s personality. Education develops and improvises individual wisdom and evaluation process. The highly educated employees can understand the situation and asses it positively as they possess persistence, rationality and thinking power. v) Gender Differences: The gender and race of the employees plays important determinants of Job satisfaction. Women, the fairer sex, are more likely to be satisfied than their male counterpart even if they are employed in small jobs. The job satisfaction can also be determined by other factors like learning, skill autonomy, job characteristics, unbia sed attitude of management, social status etc. It is important for managers to consider all these factors in assessing the satisfaction of the employees and increasing their level of job satisfaction. Relationships and practical implications Job Satisfaction can be an important indicator of how employees feel about their jobs and a predictor of work behaviours such as organizational citizenship, absenteeism, and turnover. Further, job satisfaction can partially mediate the relationship of personality variables and deviant work behaviors. One common research finding is that job satisfaction is correlated with life satisfaction. This correlation is reciprocal, meaning people who are satisfied with life tend to be satisfied with their job and people who are satisfied with their job tend to be satisfied with life. However, some research has found that job satisfaction is not significantly related to life satisfaction when other variables such as nonwork satisfaction and core self-evaluations are taken into account. An important finding for organizations to note is that job satisfaction has a rather tenuous correlation to productivity on the job. This is a vital piece of information to researchers and businesses, as the idea that satisfaction and job performance are directly related to one another is often cited in the media and in some non-academic management literature. A recent meta-analysis found an average uncorrected correlation between job satisfaction and productivity to be r=. 18; the average true correlation, corrected for research artifacts and unreliability, was r=. 30. Further, the meta-analysis found that the relationship between satisfaction and performance can be moderated by job complexity, such that for high-complexity jobs the correlation between satisfaction and performance is higher (? =. 52) than for jobs of low to moderate complexity (? . 29). Job Satisfaction also high relationship with intention to quit. It is found in many research that Job Satisfaction can lead to Intention to Stay / Quit in an organization (Kim et al. , 1996). Recent research has also shown that Intention to Quit can have effect like poor performance orientation, organizational deviance, and poor organizational citizenship behaviours (Krishnan, Sandeep. , and Singh. , Manjari, 2010). In short, the relationship of satisfaction to productivity is ot necessari ly straightforward and can be influenced by a number of other work-related constructs, and the notion that a happy worker is a productive worker should not be the foundation of organizational decision-making. With regard to job performance, employee personality may be more important than job satisfaction. The link between job satisfaction and performance is thought to be a spurious relationship; instead, both satisfaction and performance are the result of personality. Survey Objectives The primary objective of the employee satisfaction survey is to provide ABC with a means to identify key employee concerns that may presently exist within the organisation. More specifically, the objectives of the employee satisfaction survey are: †¢ To measure employee attitudes across a range of key cultural and performance dimensions, †¢ To align management and employee expectations in order to facilitate greater productivity within the workplace environment, †¢ To allow workplace satisfaction to be measured (or benchmarked) over time.

Zhou 1 Essays - Characters In Romeo And Juliet, Romeo And Juliet

Zhou 1 Tangia Zhou ENG2D-10 Mr. Staff Mon. April. 30, 2018 Passion Versus Reason All decisions in life should be made with a balance of emotion and logic. If not balanced correctly, there will be consequences. Throughout Romeo and Juliet, a play by William Shakespeare, the theme of emotions outweighing reason is explored, resulting in the deaths of many, including the deaths of young lovers, Romeo and Juliet. This is shown through many characters and their actions caused by their personalities, which eventually lead to their downfall. Along with that, the motif of fear causes emotions to outweigh reason, and on top of that, multiple conflicts arise, which cause many characters to think unclearly and use their judgement based on emotions solely. Firstly, Romeo is known to be a very emotional character, often becoming upset about small situations. He lets his emotions run wild when he kills himself after thinking his love, Juliet is dead. An example of this is when Romeo says Come, bitter conduct, come, unsavoury guide/ Thou desperate pilot, now at once run on/ The dashing rocks thy seasick, weary bark/ Heres to my love! (Shakespeare 5.3.116-119). Romeo was clearly sunken in sorrow at the fact that Juliet died, and he is only thinking with emotion, which leads to his demise. Moving on, Romeos emotions outweigh reason when he kills Tybalt, Juliets cousin, after Tybalt kills Mercutio, Romeos loyal friend. Romeo was outraged with his friends death, and didnt take the time to think about the consequences. His emotions were leading him to revenge, which led to Tybalts death and eventually, Romeos exile from Verona. Furthermore, Juliet is also known to be an emotional character, who makes many hasty actions due to her overwhelming emotion. Secondly, the motif of fear is often explored throughout the play. Fear causes people to do irrational things and there are always consequences. Firstly, Juliet is afraid of marrying Paris, the man she is forced to marry, so she takes a sleeping potion to make her appear dead. This is so when everyone thinks she's dead, she can be retrieved by Romeo, who is in exile, when she wakes up. Juliet never thought about the consequences that could arise due to her taking the sleeping potion. This eventually causes Romeos death as new never went to him that Juliet faked her death, proving that fear has an influence on Juliets emotion when coming up with a significant decision. In addition, male dominance as a motif occurs throughout the play many times through Tybalt, Juliets cousin, who strongly represents the stereotypical dominant male. It is clear that emotions outrule reason when Tybalt enters hot blooded and ready to fight anyone. Boy, this shall not excuse the injuries// that thou hast done me; therefore turn and draw (Shakespeare 3.1.65-66). He acts strong to defend his family honour, so it is because of his emotional anger that rules over reason, that eventually kills Mercutio at this sword fight. Finally, the motif of hate allows people to make irrational decisions using their emotions, without thinking about consequences. Finally, the figurative language in this play clearly demonstrates how emotions can overpower logic and reason. Firstly, there is the use of a hyperbole which in this case helps exaggerate the effect of the statement. Right after Romeo meets Juliet, he goes to Friar Laurence, a religious confessor and tells him I stand on sudden haste (Shakespeare 2.3.93), after telling him he wants to marry Juliet, whom he has just met. This shows that Romeo is lovestruck and is not thinking about the fact that it is not logical to marry someone the day after meeting them, thus proving the idea of emotions overpowering reason. Moving on, At some point in everyones life, their emotions dictate reason and logic, and this occurs many times throughout the play of Romeo and Juliet. First, To conclude, although Romeo and Juliet were star crossed lovers, maybe they wouldnt have d Works Cited Shakespeare, William, et al. Romeo and Juliet: Teacher's Guide. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Canada, 1987.